Affective circumplex

Why do humans reason? - Mercier, H y Sperber, D

PDF

Abstract: Reasoning is generally seen as a means to improve knowledge and make better decisions. However, much evidence shows that reasoning often leads to epistemic distortions and poor decisions. This suggests that the function of reasoning should be rethought. Our hypothesis is that the function of reasoning is argumentative. It is to devise and evaluate arguments intended to persuade. Reasoning so conceived is adaptive given the exceptional dependence of humans on communication and their vulnerability to misinformation. A wide range of evidence in the psychology of reasoning and decision making can be reinterpreted and better explained in the light of this hypothesis.

Poor performance in standard reasoning tasks is explained by the lack of argumentative context. When the same problems are placed in a proper argumentative setting, people turn out to be skilled arguers. Skilled arguers, however, are not after the truth but after arguments supporting their views. This explains the notorious confirmation bias. This bias is apparent not only when people are actually arguing but also when they are reasoning proactively from the perspective of having to defend their opinions.

Reasoning so motivated can distort evaluations and attitudes and allow erroneous beliefs to persist. Proactively used reasoning also favors decisions that are easy to justify but not necessarily better. In all these instances traditionally described as failures or flaws, reasoning does exactly what can be expected of an argumentative device: Look for arguments that support a given conclusion, and, ceteris paribus, favor conclusions for which arguments can be found.

Hipótesis del mundo justo

The just-world hypothesis (also called the just-world theory, just-world fallacy, just-world effect, or just-world phenomenon) refers to the tendency for people to want to believe that the world is fundamentally just. As a result, when they witness an otherwise inexplicable injustice, they will rationalize it by searching for things that the victim might have done to deserve it. This deflects their anxiety, and lets them continue to believe the world is a just place, but often at the expense of blaming victims for things that were not, objectively, their fault.

wiki

Hafer & Begue.pdf

justworld

Libro "The Psychopath Test" de Jon Ronson

"The Psychopath Test is a fascinating journey through the minds of madness. Jon Ronson's exploration of a potential hoax being played on the world's top neurologists takes him, unexpectedly, into the heart of the madness industry. An influential psychologist who is convinced that many important CEOs and politicians are, in fact, psychopaths teaches Ronson how to spot these high-flying individuals by looking out for little telltale verbal and nonverbal clues. And so Ronson, armed with his new psychopath-spotting abilities, enters the corridors of power. He spends time with a death-squad leader institutionalized for mortgage fraud in Coxsackie, New York; a legendary CEO whose psychopathy has been speculated about in the press; and a patient in an asylum for the criminally insane who insists he's sane and certainly not a psychopath."

LINK - fileserve

Password: Ploder1

Web de Psicología moral

yourmorals.org

Welcome to YourMorals.org, where you can learn about your own morality, ethics, and/or values, while also contributing to scientific research. We are a group of professors and graduate students in social psychology at the University of Virginia, The University of California (Irvine), and the University of Southern California. (See us here.)

Coeficiente de Empatía (Simon Baron-Cohen)

Cuestionario (Español)
Cuestionario (Inglés)

Simon Baron-Cohen

The Empathy Quotient: An Investigation of Adults with Asperger Syndrome or High Functioning Autism, and Normal Sex Differences


Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the Empathy Quotient

Artículo en The Guardian
Artículo en Telegraph

Estados mentales según Csikszentmihalyi

Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi

Artículos y papers de Scott Lilienfeld

Dr. Lilienfeld received his B.A. in Psychology from Cornell University in 1982 and his Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology from the University of Minnesota in 1990. He completed his clinical internship at Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania from 1986-1987. He was assistant professor in the Department of Psychology at SUNY Albany from 1990 to 1994, and has been a faculty member in the Department of Psychology at Emory since 1994.

Can Psychological Research on Correcting Cognitive Errors Promote Human Welfare?

Psychological Treatments That Cause Harm

Defining Psychology: Is It Worth the Trouble?

Brief Biographical Summary

What´s wrong with this picture?

Brain stains

Confronting Psychological Misconceptions in the Classroom

The “Just Do It!” Trap

The scientific status of projective techniques

Integrity Tests and Morality: Associations with Ego Development, Moral Reasoning, and Psychopathic Personality

CV

Inteligencia: Principales autores hasta 1997

PDF (autores adicionales y más información)

50 grandes mitos de la psicología popular - Lilienfeld, S. et al

Brain Power: Myths about the Brain and Perception1 Most People Use Only 10% of Their Brain Power
2 Some People Are Left-Brained, Others Are Right-Brained
3 Extrasensory Perception Is a Well-Established Scientific Phenomenon
4 Visual Perceptions Are Accompanied by Tiny Emissions from the Eyes
5 Subliminal Messages Can Persuade People to Purchase Products

From Womb to Tomb: Myths about Development and Aging
6 Playing Mozart’s Music to Infants Boosts Their Intelligence
7 Adolescence Is Inevitably a Time of Psychological Turmoil
8 Most People Experience a Midlife Crisis in Their 40s or Early 50s
9 Old Age Is Typically Associated with increased dissatisfaction and Senility
10 When Dying, People Pass through a Universal Series of Psychological Stages

A Remembrance of Things Past: Myths about Memory
11 Human Memory Works like a Tape Recorder or Video Camera, and Accurately Records the Events We’ve Experienced
12 Hypnosis is Useful for Retrieving Memories of Forgotten Events
13 Individuals Commonly Repress the Memories of Traumatic Experiences
14 Most People with Amnesia Forget All Details of Their Earlier Lives

Teaching Old Dogs New Tricks: Myths about Intelligence and Learning
15 Intelligence Tests Are Biased against Certain Groups of People
16 If You’re Unsure of Your Answer When Taking a Test, It’s Best to Stick with Your Initial Hunch
17 The Defining Feature of Dyslexia Is Reversing Letters
18 Students Learn Best When Teaching Styles Are Matched to Their Learning Styles

Altered States: Myths about Consciousness
19 Hypnosis Is a Unique "Trance" State that Differs in Kind from Wakefulness
20 Researchers Have Demonstrated that Dreams Possess Symbolic Meaning
21 Individuals Can Learn Information, like New Languages, while Asleep
22 During "Out-of-Body" Experiences, People’s Consciousness Leaves Their Bodies

I’ve Got a Feeling: Myths about Emotion and Motivation
23 The Polygraph ("Lie Detector") Test Is an Accurate Means of Detecting Dishonesty
24 Happiness Is Determined Mostly by Our External Circumstances
25 Ulcers Are Caused Primarily or Entirely by Stress
26 A Positive Attitude Can Stave off Cancer

The Social Animal: Myths about Interpersonal Behavior
27 Opposites Attract: We Are Most Romantically Attracted to People Who Differ from Us
28 There’s Safety in Numbers: The More People Present at an Emergency, the Greater the Chance
that Someone Will Intervene
29 Men and Women Communicate in Completely Different Ways
30 It’s Better to Express Anger Openly to Others than to Hold It in

Know Thyself: Myths about Personality
31 Raising Children Similarly Leads to Similarities in Their Adult Personalities
32 The Fact that a Trait Is Heritable Means We Can’t Change It
33 Low Self-Esteem Is a Major Cause of Psychological Problems
34 Most People Who Were Sexually Abused in Childhood Develop Severe Personality Disturbances
in Adulthood
35 People’s Responses to Inkblots Tell Us a Great Deal about Their Personalities
36 Our Handwriting Reveals Our Personality Traits

Sad, Mad, and Bad: Myths about Mental Illness
37 Psychiatric Labels Cause Harm by Stigmatizing People
38 Only Deeply Depressed People Commit Suicide
39 People with Schizophrenia Have Multiple Personalities
40 Adult Children of Alcoholics Display a Distinct Profile of Symptoms
41 There’s Recently Been a Massive Epidemic of Infantile Autism
42 Psychiatric Hospital Admissions and Crimes Increase during Full Moons

Disorder in the Court: Myths about Psychology and Law
43 Most Mentally Ill People Are Violent
44 Criminal Profiling Is Helpful in Solving Cases
45 A Large Proportion Of Criminals Successfully Use the Insanity Defense
46 Virtually All People Who Confess to a Crime Are Guilty of It

Skills and Pills: Myths about Psychological Treatment
47 Expert Judgment and Intuition Are the Best Means of Making Clinical Decisions
48 Abstinence Is the Only Realistic Treatment Goal for Alcoholics
49 All Effective Psychotherapies Force People to Confront the "Root" Causes of Their Problems in
Childhood
50 Electroconvulsive ("Shock" Therapy Is a Physically Dangerous and Brutal Treatment

A Challenge for the Biopsychosocial Model

PDF
 

A Closer Evaluation of Current Methods in Psychiatric Assessments

A Challenge for the Biopsychosocial Model

 

The biopsychosocial model, the current method in psychiatric assessments, is reviewed and critiqued. The history and original intents leading to the conception of the biopsychosocial model are briefly discussed. Five inherent problems with the use of the biopsychosocial model in psychiatric assessments and training programs are presented. Two alternative approaches are discussed and promoted for clinical, educational, and research practices in medicine.

Hamid R. Tavakoli, Chief, Consultation-Liaison Service, board certified by the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology in the specialty of Psychiatry and subspecialty of Psychosomatic Medicine, and with the Psychiatry Department, Naval Medical Center, Portsmouth, Virginia.

wiki

Edge 2011: What scientific concept would improve everybody´s cognitive toolkit?

HOWARD GARDNER
Psychologist, Harvard University; Author, Truth, Beauty, And Goodness Reframed: Educating For The Virtues In The 21St Century

"How Would You Disprove Your Viewpoint?!"

BRUCE HOOD
Director of the Bristol Cognitive Development Centre in the Experimental Psychology Department at the University of Bristol; Author, Supersense

Haecceity

W. DANIEL HILLIS
Physicist, Computer Scientist; Chairman, Applied Minds, Inc.; Author, The Pattern on the Stone

Possibility Spaces: Thinking Beyond Cause and Effect

NICHOLAS HUMPHREY
Psychologist, London School of Economics; Author, Soul Dust

The "Multiverse"

GEORGE LAKOFF
Cognitive Scientist and Linguist; Richard and Rhoda Goldman Distinguished Professor of Cognitive Science and Linguistics, UC Berkeley; Author, The Political Mind

Conceptual Metaphor

STEVEN PINKER
Johnstone Family Professor, Department of Psychology; Harvard University; Author, The Stuff of Thought

Positive-Sum Games

ROGER SCHANK
Psychologist & Computer Scientist; Engines for Education Inc.; Author, Making Minds Less Well Educated Than Our Own

Experimentation

SEAN CARROLL
Theoretical Physicist, Caltech; Author, From Eternity to Here: The Quest for the Ultimate Theory of Time

The Pointless Universe

REBECCA NEWBERGER GOLDSTEIN
Philosopher; Novelist; Author, Betraying Spinoza; 36 Arguments for the Existence of God: A Work of Fiction

Inference To The Best Explanation

NICHOLAS CARR
Author, The Shallows: What the Internet Is Doing to Our Brains

Cognitive Load

RICHARD NISBETT
Social Psychologist, Co-Director, Culture and Cognition Program, University of Michigan; Author, Intelligence and How to Get It

"Graceful" SHA's

ROB KURZBAN
Psychologist, UPenn; Director, Penn Laboratory for Experimental Evolutionary Psychology (PLEEP); Author, Why Everyone (Else) is a Hypocrite

Externalities

DAVID G. MYERS
Social psychologist, Hope College; Author, A Friendly Letter to Skeptics and Atheists

Self-Serving Bias

DOUGLAS T. KENRICK
Professor of Psychology, Arizona State University; Author, Sex, Murder, and the Meaning of Life; Editor, Evolution and Social Psychology

Subselves and the Modular Mind

MICHAEL SHERMER
Publisher of Skeptic Magazine; Adjunct Professor, Claremont Graduate University; Author, The Believing Brain

Think Bottom Up, Not Top Down

IRENE PEPPERBERG
Psychologist, Research Associate, Harvard University; Author, Alex and Me

Fixed-Action Patterns: Using The Study Of Animal Instinct As A Metaphor For Human Behavior

MARCEL KINSBOURNE
Neurologist & Cognitive Neuroscientist, The New School; Coauthor, Children's Learning and Attention Problems

The Expanding In-Group

JONATHAN HAIDT
Psychologist, University of Virginia; Author, The Happiness Hypothesis

Contingent Superorganism

NEIL GERSHENFELD
Director, MIT Center for Bits and Atoms; Author, FAB

Truth is a Model

CLAY SHIRKY
Social & Technology Network Topology Researcher; Adjunct Professor, NYU Graduate School of Interactive Telecommunications Program (ITP); Author, Cognitive Surplus

Pareto Principle

ALISON GOPNIK
Psychologist, UC, Berkeley; Author, The Philosophical Baby

The Rational Unconscious

WILLIAM CALVIN
Neuroscientist, Professor Emeritus, University of Washington in Seattle. Author, Global Fever: How to Treat Climate Change

Find That Frame

LAWRENCE KRAUSS
Physicist, Foundation Professor & Director, Origins Project, Arizona State University; Author, A Universe from Nothing; Quantum Man: Richard Feynman's Life in Science

Uncertainty

THOMAS METZINGER
Philosopher, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz and Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies; Author, The Ego Tunnel

Phenomenally Transparent Self-Model

RICHARD FOREMAN
Playwright & Director; Founder, The Ontological-Hysteric Theater

Negative Capability Is A Profound Therapy

DONALD HOFFMAN
Cognitive Scientist, UC, Irvine; Author, Visual Intelligence

Sensory Desktop

HELEN FISHER
Research Professor, Department of Anthropology, Rutgers University; Author, Why We Love
Temperament Dimensions

 JOEL GOLD, M.D.
Psychiatrist; Clinical Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine

ARISE

DON TAPSCOTT
Founder, Moxie Insight;  Adjunct Professor, Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto;  Author, Grown Up Digital; Macrowikinomics
Designing Your Mind

 

GERD GIGERENZER
Psychologist; Director of the Center for Adaptive Behavior and Cognition at the Max Planck Institute for Human Development in Berlin; Author, Gut Feelings

Risk Literacy

GERALD SMALLBERG, MD
Practicing Neurologist, New York City; Playwright, Off-Off Broadway Productions, Charter Members; The Gold Ring

Bias Is The Nose For The Story

MARK HENDERSON
Science Editor, The Times; Author, 50 Genetics Ideas You Really Need to Know

Science's Methods Aren't Just For Science

ADAM ALTER
Psychologist; Assistant Professor, Stern School of Business, NYU

The "Cognitive Iceberg:" Humans Are Blind To Many Of The Processes That Shape Their Mental Lives

NICK BOSTROM
Professor; Director, Future of Humanity Institute, Faculty of Philosophy & Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford

Game of Life — And Looking For Generators

ROBERT SAPOLSKY
Neuroscientist, Stanford University; Author, Monkeyluv

The Lure Of A Good Story

ERIC TOPOL
Professor of Translational Genomics, The Scripps Research Institute; Cardiologist, Scripps Clinic

Hunting for Root Cause: The Human "Black Box"

GEOFFREY MILLER
Evolutionary Psychologist, University of New Mexico; Author, The Mating Mind; Spent

Personality traits are continuous with mental illnesses

DAN SPERBER
Professor in philosophy and cognitive science at the Central European University, Budapest

Cultural Attractors

DAVE WINER
Visiting Scholar in Journalism, NYU; Pioneer Software Developer (Blogging, Podcasting, RSS, Outliners, Web Content Management)

While We Are Social Creatures, It's Often Best Not To Admit It

JONAH LEHRER
Contributing Editor, Wired; author, How We Decide and Proust Was a Neuroscientist

Control Your Spotlight

MARCO IACOBONI
Neuroscientist, UCLA Brain Mapping Center; Author, Mirroring People

Entanglement

TANIA LOMBROZO
Cognitive Psychologist, UC, Berkeley

Defeasibility

ERNST PÖPPEL
Neuroscientist, Chairman, Human Science Center and Department of Medical Psychology, Munich University; Author, Mindworks

A cognitive toolkit full of garbage

MARK PAGEL
Evolutionary Biologist, University of Reading; External Professor, The Santa Fe Institute; Author, The Oxford Encyclopedia of Evolution

Knowledge

PAUL BLOOM
Psychologist, Yale University; Author, How Pleasure Works

Reason

EDUARDO SALCEDO-ALBARÁN
Philosopher; Founder, Manager, Metodo

Homo Sensus-Sapiens: The animal that feels and rationalizes

DAVID M. BUSS
Professor of Psychology, University of Texas, Austin; Coauthor: Why Women Have Sex; author, The Evolution of Desire: Strategies of Human Mating and Evolutionary Psychology: The New Science of the Mind

Sexual Selection

SUE BLACKMORE
Psychologist; Author, Consciousness: An Introduction

Correlation is not a cause 

P.Z. MYERS
Biologist, University of Minnesota; blogger, Pharyngula

The Mediocrity Principle

SAM HARRIS
Neuroscientist; Chairman, Project Reason; Author, The Moral Landscape

We are Lost in Thought

CARL ZIMMER
Journalist, author of The Tangled Bank: An Introduction to Evolution

Life As A Side Effect

JOSHUA GREENE
Cognitive Neuroscientist and Philosopher, Harvard University  

Supervenience! 

JOAN CHIAO
Assistant Professor, Brain, Behavior, and Cognition; Social Psychology; Northwestern University

Diversity is Universal

FIERY CUSHMAN
Post-doctoral fellow, Mind/Brain/Behavior Interfaculty Initiative, Harvard University

Confabulation

XENI JARDIN
Tech Culture Journalist; Partner, Contributor, Co-editor, Boing Boing; Executive Producer, host, Boing Boing Video

AMBIENT MEMORY AND THE MYTH OF NEUTRAL OBSERVATION

DIANE F. HALPERN
Psychologis; Director of the Berger Institute for Work, Family, and Children at Claremont McKenna College

A Statistically Significant Difference in Understanding the Scientific Process 

Stuart Firestein
Neuroscientist, Columbia Universtiy

The Name Game

ANDREW REVKIN
Journalist; Environmentalist; Writer, New York Times "Dot Earth" blog; Author, The North Pole was Here

Anthropophilia

GARY MARCUS
Cognitive Scientist, NYU; Author, Kluge: The Haphazard Evolution of the Human Mind

Cognitive Humility

MAHZARIN R. BANAJI
Richard Clarke Cabot Professor of Social Ethics, Department of Psychology, Harvard University

A Solution for Collapsed Thinking: Signal Detection Theory 

RICHARD THALER
The Father of Behavioral Economics; Director, Center for Decision Research at the University of Chicago Graduate School of Business; Coauthor, Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness

Aether

V.S. RAMACHANDRAN
Neuroscientist; Director, Center for Brain and Cognition, University of California, San Diego; Author, The Tell-Tale Brain: Unlocking the Mystery of Human Nature

Chunks With "Handles"

The Secret You

With the help of a hammer-wielding scientist, Jennifer Aniston and a general anaesthetic, Professor Marcus du Sautoy goes in search of answers to one of science's greatest mysteries: how do we know who we are? While the thoughts that make us feel as though we know ourselves are easy to experience, they are notoriously difficult to explain. So, in order to find out where they come from, Marcus subjects himself to a series of probing experiments.

He learns at what age our self-awareness emerges and whether other species share this trait. Next, he has his mind scrambled by a cutting-edge experiment in anaesthesia. Having survived that ordeal, Marcus is given an out-of-body experience in a bid to locate his true self. And in Hollywood, he learns how celebrities are helping scientists understand the microscopic activities of our brain. Finally, he takes part in a mind-reading experiment that both helps explain and radically alters his understanding of who he is.

Revista Psiencia

psiencia.org

Asociación para el Avance de la Ciencia Psicológica (COBAND)

coband.org

Entrevista 2005

Enciclopedia de Ciencias Cognitivas (MIT - 1999)

 PDF (eng/11mb)

The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences (MITECS)
Edited by Robert A. Wilson and Frank Keil

Since the 1970s the cognitive sciences have offered multidisciplinary ways of understanding the mind and cognition. The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences (MITECS) is a landmark, comprehensive reference work that represents the methodological and theoretical diversity of this changing field.

At the core of the encyclopedia are 471 concise entries, from Acquisition and Adaptationism to Wundt and X-bar Theory. Each article, written by a leading researcher in the field, provides an accessible introduction to an important concept in the cognitive sciences, as well as references or further readings. Six extended essays, which collectively serve as a roadmap to the articles, provide overviews of each of six major areas of cognitive science: Philosophy; Psychology; Neurosciences; Computational Intelligence; Linguistics and Language; and Culture, Cognition, and Evolution. For both students and researchers, MITECS will be an indispensable guide to the current state of the cognitive sciences.

Las 4 "D" de la Psicología Abnormal

Description of the 4 D's when defining abnormality:  

Deviance: this term describes the idea that specific thoughts, behaviours and emotions are considered deviate when they are unacceptable or not common in society. Clinicans must, however, remember that minority groups are not always deemed deviate just because they may not have anything in common with other groups. Therefore, we define an individuals actions as deviate or abnormal when his or her behaviour is deemed unacceptable by the culture he or she belongs to.  

Distress: this term accounts for negative feelings by the individual with the disorder. He or she may feel deeply troubled and affected by their illness.  

Dysfunction: this term involves maladaptive behaviour that impairs the individuals ability to perform normal daily functions such as getting ready for work in the morning, or driving a car. Such maladaptive behaviours prevent the individual from living a normal, healthy lifestyle. However, we must remember that a person's behaviour, who is acting dysfunctional, is not always caused by a disorder. Dysfunctional behaviour may be voluntary, such as engaging in a hunger strike.  

Danger: this term involves dangerous or violent behaviour directed at the individual, or others in the environment. An example of dangerous behaviour that may suggest a psychological disorder is engaging in suicidal activty.

In order for a clinician to determine whether someone has a psychological disorder or illness, all four D's must be present in combination with other factors.

Artículos y papers sobre las "Rorschach wars"

El Rorschach y otros tests proyectivos Lilienfeld, Scott O.; Wood, James M. y Garb, Howard N.

What´s wrong with this picture?

SPA The Status of the Rorschach in Clinical and Forensic Practice

Out, damned blot! By Frederick Crews

Rorschach Tested. Some experts say it has no place in psychiatry. By Rosie Mestel,

"Making Science Matter in Clinical Practice" de Larry Beutler

PDF      eng/251kb


Dr Larry Beutler received his PhD from the University of Nebraska and subsequently served on the faculties of Duke University Medical Center, Stephen F. Austin State University, Baylor College of Medicine, the University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, and the University of California at Santa Barbara. He currently is a Distinguished Professor of Psychology, Chair of the Faculty, and Director of Clinical Training at Pacific Graduate School of Psychology. He is also Professor Emeritus at the University of California. He is a diplomate of the American Board of Professional Psychology (ABPP), a fellow of both American Psychological Association (APA) and Association for Psychological Science (APS), a Past President of Division 29 (Psychotherapy) of APA, current President of Division 12 (Clinical) of APA, and a two term Past President (international) of the Society for Psychotherapy Research (SPR). Among his citations and achievements, he is a recipient of the Distinguished Career award from SPR, the Gold Medal Award from the American Psychological Foundation, and a Presidential citation for achievement from the APA. He has also been honored for his contributions by the States of Arizona and California. He has published over 350 scholarly articles and chapters and is the author or co-author of 15 books on psychotherapy, assessment, and psychopathology.
Later in his career he became involved in the psychology of terrorism and response to terrorist acts. He currently is the director of the National Center on the Psychology of Terrorism in Palo Alto, California.

Cursos de Yale: Introducción a la Psicología

What do your dreams mean? Do men and women differ in the nature and intensity of their sexual desires? Can apes learn sign language? Why can’t we tickle ourselves? This course tries to answer these questions and many others, providing a comprehensive overview of the scientific study of thought and behavior. It explores topics such as perception, communication, learning, memory, decision-making, religion, persuasion, love, lust, hunger, art, fiction, and dreams. We will look at how these aspects of the mind develop in children, how they differ across people, how they are wired-up in the brain, and how they break down due to illness and injury.

Paul Bloom is Professor of Psychology at Yale University. He was born in Montreal, Canada, was an undergraduate at McGill University, and did his doctoral work at MIT. He has published in scientific journals such as Nature and Science, and in popular outlets such as The New York Times and The Atlantic Monthly. He is the co-editor of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, and the author of two books: How Children Learn the Meanings of Words and Descartes' Baby: How the Science of Child Development Explains What Makes Us Human. His research explores children's understanding of art, religion, and morality.

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